In the chapter “External Sector”, methodologies section, you will find annual information detailing the amounts of family remittances sent and received by country of destination and origin.

In the chapter “External Sector”, Excel Statistics section, you will find the tables "Financial Account" and "Financial Account by Institutional Sector". For more details on direct foreign investment in Chile by geographical area and country of origin, please refer to the "Direct Foreign Investment" section.

The defining trait of an institutional unit is its capacity to own goods and assets, to incur liabilities and to carry out economic activities and transactions with other units on its own behalf. Institutional units residing in the economy are divided into five mutually exclusive sectors:

• a.Non-Financial Corporations;
• b. Financial Companies;
• c. Government Units, including social security funds;
• d. Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISHs);
• e. Households.

The financing capacity or need is the accounting balance of the capital accumulation account, which results from applying an agent's internal financing sources to its gross accumulation. If the result is positive, the agent makes financial resources available to other economic agents; if it is negative, it shows its need for financing.

Likewise, the financing capacity/need ratio as a percentage of Household disposable income (national total accumulated during the year) means:

• If positive, the percentage of households' financing capacity over their disposable income, and vice versa,
• If negative, the percentage of financing required by households over their disposable income.

These data can be found in the statistical database of the Central Bank of Chile, in the “National Accounts” section.

The observed dollar is an indicator that reflects the value of the US dollar expressed in Chilean pesos. Its calculation is based on a weighted average of operations carried out in the local market during the previous bank business day. For more details, you can visit the calculation methodology in the following link: observed dollar

The Real Exchange Rate is published on the 23rd of each month. If it is a bank holiday, it is published on the next bank business day.

The Central Bank of Chile publishes on a daily basis the parities of foreign currencies generally accepted in international markets. The published data correspond to market or central banks’ information of the previous bank business day according to the Chilean calendar. The exchange rates of the peso vis-à-vis other foreign currencies are calculated from the values in pesos of the daily parities of foreign currencies with respect to the US dollar, considering the daily value of the observed exchange rate.

The parities and exchange rates published by the Central Bank of Chile correspond to those available on the website www.bcentral.cl, which are incorporated in the official monthly transcription in compliance with the provisions of Agreement N° 1738-02-130306 of the Board of the Central Bank of Chile.

For currencies not included in the aforementioned Agreement, it is recommended to use alternative sources with referential information or to directly use the information published by the central bank of the corresponding country.

A derivative transaction is a financial agreement in which the parties undertake to carry out a transaction in the future at a previously established price. On the other hand, in spot operations the transaction is carried out at the moment of the agreement (generally, a spot operation implies that the actual exchange takes place within a period no longer than two bank days after the agreement).

Information on flows and stocks is published on a daily basis. These data are presented in greater detail on the 23rd of each month in the Monthly Exchange Statistics Report. If it is a bank holiday, it is published on the following bank business day.

The interest rate is a way of measuring the opportunity cost of money, which is assumed by the lender, either in a credit issued by a financial institution or in the deposits that can be made by economic agents. If it is a deposit, the interest rate determines the payment received by the person or company depositing the money in exchange for making that amount available to others. If it is a credit, the interest rate determines the amount that the debtor must pay to the lender for the use of that money.

The loan, deposit and investment series published by the Central Bank correspond to the current balance (stock) on the date indicated in the respective publication.

Loans correspond to credits granted by banks to their customers, with the customer’s implicit commitment to repay the loan in the future in installments or in a single payment. In most cases, the payment of the loan implies an additional interest that compensates the creditor for the opportunity cost assumed by the loan.

The deposit series comprises the operations of banking institutions, on demand or term, that involve receiving money from the public, be it as deposits, shares, transfers of trade bills or in any other form.

A financial investment is defined as resources invested in some type of financial instrument, such as shares, bonds or mutual funds by other entities, in order to obtain a higher return.

Money is anything that members of a community are willing to accept as a means of payment for goods and services or as debt repayment.

A first definition of money comprises notes and coins, which is known as cash or currency. In economic terms, money is defined as: (i) store of value, i.e. a means of holding wealth; (ii) unit of measure, a pattern for denominating the prices of goods and services, providing a means for comparing values and preparing financial accounts; and (iii) means of payment, a means for acquiring goods and services without resorting to barter.

Quasi-money comprises payment instruments that are not completely liquid, such as time deposits, savings deposits and other deposits with less than a month’s term other than current accounts.

The monetary base consists of the set of notes, coins and checks issued by the Central Bank of Chile and that are in the public's possession or as monetary reserves in banks and financial companies.

The Household Financial Survey is a survey carried out by the Central Bank of Chile with the objective of collecting data on the financial balance of households.

In each Household Financial Survey, approximately 4,500 households throughout the country’s urban territory are interviewed. It is representative at macro-zone level: North (XV, I, II, III and IV), Center (V, VI, VII, XVI and VIII), South (IX, XIV, X, XI and XII) and Metropolitan Region.

You must use the "Request Form for Statistical Information Not Officially Published by the Central Bank of Chile". This form should be addressed to the General Manager by post, through mailbox 967 Santiago, or to the Registry Office of the Central Bank of Chile located in Morandé 115, 3rd Floor. See also Agreement 1504-01-091008 "Criteria for the Delivery of Statistical Information Not Officially Published by the Central Bank of Chile".

In the chapter “National Accounts”, “Monthly Indicator of Economic Activity” table, select variation in relation to the same period of the previous year. The Monthly Indicator of Economic Activity is published 31 days after the end of each month.

Figures of nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and real GDP of Chile are in the Statistics Database, chapter "National Accounts", table Gross Domestic Product.

The value of Chile's GDP per capita can be found in the chapter “Main Macroeconomic Statistics”, “Annual Macroeconomic Indicators” table.

In the “National Accounts” chapter, you will find the GDP by region and economic activity.

The valuation of securities is based on their par value, which is the sum of the nominal amount owed plus accrued interest, calculated according to the coupon rate. For short-term securities like promissory notes, where there's only one payment at maturity without a distinction between interest and principal, they're valued solely based on the nominal amount.

The sectors of issuers and holders of securities adhere to the guidelines and sector groupings outlined in the System of National Accounts (SNA 2008). An institutional sector encompasses various institutional units, which are economic entities with the capacity to own assets, incur liabilities, and engage in economic activities and transactions.

A. Fixed Income Instruments (FII) or long-term debt instruments. FIIs represent medium and long-term obligations between issuers and holders. Their maturity exceeds 365 days, and they pay interest based on a fixed rate.

B. Money market instruments or Financial Intermediation (IIF). Money market instruments mature within 365 days, with the issuer committing to pay the total debt and generated interest. They are often used for short-term financial management or as monetary regulation tools by central banks. Most are traded at a discount because payment is due only at maturity. Examples include Central Bank promissory notes, term deposit certificates, and trade bills.

The monetary base is the set of notes, coins and checks issued by the Central Bank of Chile (CBC) and that are heldby the public or as monetary reserves in banks. In CBC’s Balance Sheet, the monetary base is considered a liabillity.

The equity of the Central Bank of Chile has presented negative values since 1997, since the profitability of the Bank’s Assets (mainly International Reserves), has been lower than the interest payment that the Bank has made for the different Documents it has issued to sterilize the monetary effects of purchase foreign currency.

It is important to highlight that the variation on Bank’s Equity is influenced by the exchange rate, since the assets of the International Reserves are kept in foreign currency and the liabilities, for the most part, are denominated in national currency. Therefore, a depreciation of the exchange rate, generates a higher valuation of assets, resulting in a profit that improves the CBC’s Equity. If the exchange rate appreciates, we will notice the opposite effect.